출처
출처 — HyperDX 내재화(실전 배포) 조사 자료
이 표는 개요, 스택 토폴로지·MongoDB 최소 규모, hot 스토리지(EBS), S3 cold 티어링, operator 토폴로지·다운타임, Keeper, 복제·멀티마스터·failover, 용량 산정, 블록 온리 튜닝, 버전 호환·업그레이드 열 페이지가 인용한 1차 조사(R1~R9)의 ## 출처 섹션을 모아 중복을 제거하고 주제별로 분류했다. 조사 기준일은 2026-07-16다.
각 조사가 다룬 범위는 ClickStack 4컴포넌트 배포 토폴로지와 MongoDB 최소 규모 운영, EBS(gp3/io2/io2 Block Express) hot 스토리지 선택, S3 cold 티어링 worked example, Altinity operator 기반 replication·sharding·다운타임 시나리오, ClickHouse Keeper 상세와 “큐가 아니다” 정정, 그리고 0.7TB/월 RUM 워크로드의 용량 산정이다.
개별 URL의 등급(✓/≈/?/Ⓥ/Ⓑ)은 각 페이지 본문의 인라인 태그를 따른다 — 이 표 자체는 출처 목록이며 등급을 재판정하지 않는다. 기존 study-hugo 코퍼스(content/clickhouse/*, content/rum/*) 및 선행 research(research/hyperdx-clickhouse/*) 참조는 각 페이지에서 relref로 인라인 연결하며 외부 URL이 아니므로 아래 표에는 싣지 않았다.
ClickStack · HyperDX 공식
HyperDX·ClickStack 배포 문서, 스키마/TTL 설정, Browser SDK, 그리고 실물 Helm 차트 값·매니페스트.
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| ClickStack Helm 배포 가이드(2-차트 구조·PVC 보호) | clickhouse.com/docs/…/clickstack/deployment/helm |
| ClickStack OTel Collector(역할·포트·배치·큐·사이징) | clickhouse.com/docs/…/clickstack/ingesting-data/otel-collector |
| ClickStack Tables and schemas(otel_logs/traces/metrics·hyperdx_sessions ORDER BY·TTL·partition) | clickhouse.com/docs/…/clickstack/ingesting-data/schemas |
ClickStack Managing TTL(기본 3일·${TABLES_TTL}·ALTER MODIFY TTL·MATERIALIZE TTL) | clickhouse.com/docs/…/clickstack/ttl |
| ClickStack Configuration options | clickhouse.com/docs/…/clickstack/config |
| ClickStack Session replay(rrweb → hyperdx_sessions·Body/LogAttributes) | clickhouse.com/docs/…/clickstack/session-replay |
| ClickStack OSS 소개(otel_* + hyperdx_sessions·ZSTD) | clickhouse.com/blog/clickstack-a-high-performance-oss-observability-stack |
| HyperDX Browser SDK(4318 인제스트) | hyperdx.io/docs/install/browser |
| HyperDX LOCAL.md(포트 8080/8000/8002/4317/4318) | github.com/hyperdxio/hyperdx/…/LOCAL.md |
| ClickStack-helm-charts README(2-차트 구조·PVC 보호) | github.com/ClickHouse/ClickStack-helm-charts/…/README.md |
| ClickStack-helm-charts values.yaml(members:1·mongo 5.0.32·storage 10Gi·otel mode:deployment·이미지 태그) | raw.githubusercontent.com/…/clickstack/values.yaml |
| ClickStack-helm-charts UPGRADE.md | github.com/ClickHouse/ClickStack-helm-charts/…/UPGRADE.md |
ClickHouse 공식 (docs · 엔지니어링)
ClickHouse Inc.의 스토리지·복제·insert·Keeper 문서와 압축·비용 엔지니어링 자료, GitHub PR.
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| External disks for storing data(type=s3/object_storage·cache disk·metadata_type/path) | clickhouse.com/docs/operations/storing-data |
| Integrating S3(type=s3 예제·ReplicatedMergeTree on S3) | clickhouse.com/docs/integrations/s3 |
| Observability managing data(TTL·ttl_only_drop_parts·merge_with_ttl_timeout·MATERIALIZE TTL) | clickhouse.com/docs/observability/managing-data |
| ClickHouse Keeper(NuRaft/Raft·ZK 호환·저장 대상·3노드) | clickhouse.com/docs/guides/sre/keeper/clickhouse-keeper |
| Replicated* table engines(Keeper=메타만·데이터 직송·~10 znode/INSERT·블록 dedup) | clickhouse.com/docs/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/replication |
| Asynchronous inserts(wait 1/0·메모리 버퍼 크래시 유실·flush 트리거·async dedup off) | clickhouse.com/docs/optimize/asynchronous-inserts |
| Selecting an insert strategy(동기 멱등·기본 dedup·배칭 1k~100k·at-least-once) | clickhouse.com/docs/best-practices/selecting-an-insert-strategy |
| Deduplicating inserts on retries(replicated_deduplication_window(_seconds)·insert_deduplication_token) | clickhouse.com/docs/guides/developer/deduplicating-inserts-on-retries |
| Using the Kafka table engine(Kafka engine→MV→MergeTree·파괴적 읽기·offset) | clickhouse.com/docs/integrations/kafka/kafka-table-engine |
| Insert quorum parallel by default (PR #17567·insert_quorum_parallel 기본 1) | github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/pull/17567 |
| nginx 로그 압축 170x(52~178x·낙관 상한 명시) | clickhouse.com/blog/log-compression-170x |
| 압축 codec/ratio 개관 | clickhouse.com/resources/engineering/database-compression |
| Observability cost optimization playbook(10~20x·7일 hot/cold·365 DELETE 예시) | clickhouse.com/resources/…/observability-cost-optimization-playbook |
| Data Replication(멀티마스터·비동기·“only source data transferred”·SELECT은 Keeper 안 탐·블록 dedup) | clickhouse.com/docs/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/replication |
| system.replicas(is_leader “multiple leaders”·is_readonly·log_pointer vs log_max_index·absolute_delay) | clickhouse.com/docs/operations/system-tables/replicas |
| system.replication_queue(type enum GET_PART/MERGE_PARTS/MUTATE_PART/DROP_RANGE·num_tries·postpone_reason) | clickhouse.com/docs/operations/system-tables/replication_queue |
| Distributed 테이블 엔진(load_balancing·native connection failover) | clickhouse.com/docs/engines/table-engines/special/distributed |
| Read consistency KB(insert_quorum·select_sequential_consistency·read-after-write) | clickhouse.com/docs/knowledgebase/read_consistency |
| leader election 제거 — issue #10367 / PR #11639·#11795(20.6+ multiple leaders) | github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/pull/11639 |
| TABLE_IS_READ_ONLY(에러 242) — Keeper/ZK 미가용 시 RMT read-only(issue #65424·#31052) | github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/issues/65424 |
AWS 공식 (EBS · EC2 · S3)
EBS 볼륨 스펙·요금·내구성, gp3 상향 발표, io2 Block Express, EBS-optimized 인스턴스 대역, Multi-Attach.
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| EBS General Purpose SSD (gp3) User Guide(baseline 3,000/125·max 80,000 IOPS/2,000 MiB/s·64 TiB·durability·Outposts 16,000/1,000 한계) | docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/…/general-purpose.html |
| EBS Volume Types(io2 BE 256,000 IOPS/4,000 MB/s·99.999%·<500µs·gp3·io1) | aws.amazon.com/ebs/volume-types |
| EBS Provisioned IOPS SSD (io2/io2 Block Express) User Guide | docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/…/provisioned-iops.html |
| EBS pricing(gp3 $0.08/GB·$0.005/IOPS·throughput·io2 tiered IOPS·$0.125/GB) | aws.amazon.com/ebs/pricing |
| What’s New — gp3 max size & provisioned performance 상향(2025-09·80,000/2,000/64TiB) | aws.amazon.com/…/2025/09/amazon-ebs-size-provisioned-performance-gp3-volumes |
| Storage Blog — larger and faster gp3(스트라이핑 대체·요금 동일·단일 볼륨 내구성) | aws.amazon.com/blogs/storage/improve-your-application-resiliency-with-larger-and-faster-gp3-volumes |
| EBS-optimized instance types(r7g/m7g baseline vs burst 대역·IOPS) | docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/…/ebs-optimized.html |
| EC2 r7g instances(EBS Gbps by size) | aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/r7g |
| EC2 memory-optimized specifications | docs.aws.amazon.com/ec2/…/mo.html |
| Storage Blog — io2 Block Express higher DB performance(<500µs) | aws.amazon.com/blogs/storage/achieve-higher-database-performance-using-amazon-ebs-io2-block-express-volumes |
| EBS Multi-Attach(io1/io2 전용·같은 AZ·최대 16 Nitro·cluster-aware FS 필수) | docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/…/ebs-volumes-multi.html |
| What’s New — io2 Block Express 전 리전 지원(2025-07) | aws.amazon.com/…/2025/07/amazon-ebs-io2-block-express |
| What’s New — 128 volume attachments per instance(7세대·기본 32 dedicated) | aws.amazon.com/…/2023/08/amazon-ebs-128-volume-attachments-ec2-instance |
Altinity · clickhouse-operator
Altinity operator/backup 문서·GitHub 이슈, EBS/S3 KB, CRD install bundle, tiered-S3 예제 YAML, dedup/Keeper KB.
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| KB — AWS EC2 Storage(gp3 native·1-3 volume·7,000 IOPS/1,000 MiB/s safe·io2 500 MiB/s 낡은 주장) | kb.altinity.com/…/aws-ec2-storage |
| Blog — Managing EBS gp3 Volumes in EKS(StorageClass ebs.csi.aws.com·throughput·allowVolumeExpansion·WaitForFirstConsumer) | altinity.com/blog/managing-ebs-gp3-volumes-in-eks |
| Blog — reclaimPolicy(volumeClaimTemplate reclaimPolicy: Retain·라벨·수동삭제) | altinity.com/blog/preventing-clickhouse-storage-deletion-…reclaimpolicy |
| operator docs/storage.md(volumeClaimTemplates·storageClassName) | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-operator/…/storage.md |
| operator CRD install bundle(reconcile.host.wait.probes·statefulSet.update·runtime·pdbManaged·podDistribution enum·suspend) | raw.githubusercontent.com/…/clickhouse-operator-install-bundle.yaml |
| chi-example 03-persistent-volume-08-tiered-s3.yaml(storage_configuration.xml·s3_disk/s3_cache/정책 3종·hot=default) | raw.githubusercontent.com/…/03-persistent-volume-08-tiered-s3.yaml |
| KB — AWS S3 Recipes(IAM 정책·IRSA SA annotation·use_environment_credentials·endpoint 포맷) | kb.altinity.com/…/aws-s3-recipes |
| KB — S3Disk | kb.altinity.com/…/s3disk |
| KB — Insert Deduplication / Idempotency(블록 체크섬을 Keeper /blocks znode 파티션별 저장) | kb.altinity.com/altinity-kb-schema-design/insert_deduplication |
| KB — Using clickhouse-keeper | kb.altinity.com/…/clickhouse-keeper |
| KB — DDLWorker and DDL queue problems(task_queue/ddl znode·직렬 sequential·task_max_lifetime) | kb.altinity.com/…/altinity-kb-ddlworker |
| operator issue #1619 — reclaimPolicy Retain not honored | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-operator/issues/1619 |
| operator issue #1385 — PVC volume template 확장 시 데이터 손실 | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-operator/issues/1385 |
| operator issue #1408 — reclaimPolicy in ClickHouseKeeper | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-operator/issues/1408 |
| clickhouse-backup issue #798 — IRSA self-assume 버그 | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-backup/issues/798 |
| clickhouse-backup issue #1025 — use_environment_credentials IRSA | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-backup/issues/1025 |
| KB — Load balancers(native 9000 TCP 한계·HTTP 8123 chproxy/HAProxy·클라 측 LB 3전략) | kb.altinity.com/…/load-balancers |
| KB — Check replication & DDL queue(system.replicas/replication_queue 점검·SYSTEM RESTART/SYNC/RESTORE REPLICA) | kb.altinity.com/…/altinity-kb-check-replication-ddl-queue |
MongoDB · MCK
HyperDX 메타데이터 스토어(MongoDB) 최소 규모 운영·WiredTiger 캐시·백업·Community/Enterprise 통합 operator.
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| mongodb/mongodb-kubernetes(MCK — community+enterprise 통합 리네임) | github.com/mongodb/mongodb-kubernetes |
| Community Operator 샘플(pod resources·SCRAM·members:3) | github.com/mongodb/mongodb-kubernetes-operator/…/specify_pod_resources.yaml |
| WiredTiger 스토리지 엔진(캐시 산식) | mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/wiredtiger |
| MongoDB 백업 방법(mongodump vs Ops Manager) | mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/backups |
| Community Operator 백업 부재 → mongodump(forums) | mongodb.com/community/forums/t/backups-from-kubernetes/161702 |
OpenTelemetry
Collector exporter·persistent queue·resiliency 문서(CH 앞단 유실 방어 근거).
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| ClickHouse exporter README(create_schema·ttl_days) | github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/…/clickhouseexporter/README.md |
| exporterhelper README(sending_queue.storage·queue_size 1000·num_consumers 10·block_on_overflow·WAL 재개) | github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector/…/exporterhelper/README.md |
| Resiliency(persistent queue·at-least-once·file_storage) | opentelemetry.io/docs/collector/resiliency |
Kubernetes · 노드/스토리지 운영 (다운타임)
노드 급사·비정상 종료·PVC AZ 고정·force-detach·Karpenter disruption 등 EBS 기반 다운타임 시나리오 근거.
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| Non-Graceful Node Shutdown GA(1.28·out-of-service taint·StatefulSet+PV 무한 Terminating 해결) | kubernetes.io/blog/2023/08/16/kubernetes-1-28-non-graceful-node-shutdown-ga |
| Node Shutdowns 개념 | kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/node-shutdown |
| aws-ebs-csi-driver FAQ(6분 force-detach·노드 급사 reattach 지연·Multi-Attach error·완화책) | github.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-ebs-csi-driver/…/faq.md |
| rack2cloud — EBS PVC AZ lock-in(topology.ebs.csi.aws.com/zone nodeAffinity·WaitForFirstConsumer·volume node affinity conflict) | rack2cloud.com/kubernetes-pvc-stuck-volume-node-affinity |
| Kubernetes 기본 pod eviction(unreachable/not-ready toleration 300s·node-monitor-grace-period) | devops-notes.com/kubernetes/eviction.html |
| Karpenter — Disruption(voluntary/consolidation·do-not-disrupt·≥v1.0 VolumeAttachment 삭제 대기) | karpenter.sh/docs/concepts/disruption |
커뮤니티 · 2차 자료 · 사례
third-party 기술 블로그·실사례·RUM 리플레이 벤더 문서·EBS 실패율 실측. 편향 가능성을 감안해 읽는다.
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| OneUptime — S3 cold storage worked example(disk/cache/policy/TTL/모니터링) | oneuptime.com/…/clickhouse-s3-cold-storage |
| OneUptime — Storage policies(move_factor 정밀 정의·max_data_part_size·system.storage_policies) | oneuptime.com/…/clickhouse-storage-policies |
| OneUptime — S3 disk storage | oneuptime.com/…/clickhouse-s3-disk-storage |
| OneUptime — How ClickHouse Replication Protocol Works(복제 log/queue znode·block_numbers) | oneuptime.com/…/clickhouse-replication-protocol |
| OneUptime — Configure quorum inserts(insert_quorum) | oneuptime.com/…/clickhouse-configure-quorum-inserts |
| OneUptime — Estimate cluster size(5~10x·8x 예시·30% 헤드룸·노드/RAM/CPU 공식) | oneuptime.com/…/clickhouse-estimate-cluster-size |
| OneUptime — ClickStack unified observability(세션/로그/트레이스/메트릭 스키마·기본 TTL 서술) | oneuptime.com/…/clickstack-unified-observability |
| OneUptime — MongoDB Community Operator on k8s | oneuptime.com/…/mongodb-how-to-use-the-mongodb-community-operator |
| OneUptime — WiredTiger cache size 구성 | oneuptime.com/…/mongodb-how-to-configure-wiredtiger-cache-size |
| PlanetScale — The Real Failure Rate of EBS(실측 degradation 빈도·AZ 상관 장애·io2도 예외 아님) | planetscale.com/blog/the-real-fail-rate-of-ebs |
| langfuse discussion #13013 — EKS S3 tiered storage(object_storage 신문법·move_factor 0.2·325GB/66일) | github.com/orgs/langfuse/discussions/13013 |
| Cloudflare — ClickHouse Capacity Estimation Framework(디스크 1순위·shardgroup 단일사본·Prophet 예보) | blog.cloudflare.com/clickhouse-capacity-estimation-framework |
| Character.AI GPU 관측성(15 | clickhouse.com/blog/scaling-observabilty-for-thousands-of-gpus-at-character-ai |
| PostHog — session replay ingestion(스냅샷=S3 blob·CH엔 집계만 — HyperDX와 대비) | posthog.com/docs/how-posthog-works/recordings-ingestion |
| rrweb(DOM 이벤트 기록·재구성·영상 아님) | github.com/rrweb-io/rrweb |
| rrweb — optimize storage(샘플링·blocking으로 볼륨 절감) | rrweb.com/docs/recipes/optimize-storage |
| Datadog — 브라우저 세션 리플레이 대역(<100KB/분) | docs.datadoghq.com/real_user_monitoring/session_replay/browser |
| Datadog — 모바일 세션 리플레이 대역(iOS 12KB/s·Android 1.22KB/s) | docs.datadoghq.com/real_user_monitoring/session_replay/mobile/app_performance |
| GlassFlow — OpenTelemetry to ClickHouse: Do You Need Kafka?(Kafka가 푸는 문제·안 필요한 경우·배칭) | glassflow.dev/blog/opentelemetry-to-clickhouse-do-you-need-kafka |
| InfoQ — ClickHouse Keeper: Efficient ZooKeeper Alternative(C++·Raft·NuRaft 배경) | infoq.com/news/2023/12/clickhouse-keeper-raft |
| matduggan — ClickHouse is winning the Observability Wars(10 | matduggan.com/clickhouse-is-winning-the-observability-wars |
| Tasrie — ClickStack setup(docker/helm/k8s) | tasrieit.com/blog/clickstack-setup-guide-docker-helm-kubernetes-2026 |
R8·R9 추가 — 블록 온리 튜닝·버전/업그레이드
블록 스토리지 온리(08)·버전 호환·업그레이드(09) 조사에서 추가된 1차 출처.
ClickHouse 공식 (설정·업그레이드·백업)
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
MergeTree table settings(background/merge 풀·ttl_only_drop_parts·merge_with_ttl_timeout·parts_to_throw_insert) | clickhouse.com/docs/operations/settings/merge-tree-settings |
Server settings(background_pool_size·background_merges_mutations_concurrency_ratio) | clickhouse.com/docs/operations/server-configuration-parameters/settings |
| ClickHouse Upgrades(compatibility·업그레이드 정책·채널) | clickhouse.com/docs/manage/updates |
compatibility 설정(정의·미변경 설정만 영향) | clickhouse.com/docs/operations/settings/settings#compatibility |
| 2025 changelog(v25.12 JSON·v25.11 String 직렬화 → 다운그레이드 하한) | clickhouse.com/docs/whats-new/changelog/2025 |
Backup/Restore 공식(BACKUP ... TO) | clickhouse.com/docs/operations/backup/overview |
| issue #86837(25.8→25.3 marks 롤백 불가)·#68198·#68408(업그레이드 후 broken parts) | github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/issues/86837 |
Altinity · operator (스토리지 확장·업그레이드)
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
KB — Aggressive merges(background_pool_size 36·ratio·max_bytes_to_merge_at_max_space_in_pool ~150GB·주의) | kb.altinity.com/…/altinity-kb-aggressive_merges |
KB — Using the Kubernetes Operator(storageManagement provisioner·allowVolumeExpansion) | kb.altinity.com/altinity-kb-kubernetes |
| Blog — What’s New in Altinity operator(provisioner Operator=STS 재생성 없이 온라인 확장) | altinity.com/blog/whats-new-in-altinity-clickhouse-operator |
operator 릴리즈노트(0.27.0 Keeper GA·async_replication 기본→Keeper 25.3+) | docs.altinity.com/releasenotes/… |
| operator 0.27.1 — Artifact Hub(CH 21.11+·K8s 1.25+) | artifacthub.io/…/altinity-clickhouse-operator |
| KB — ClickHouse 버전/업그레이드(스테이징 다운그레이드 리허설·혼합버전 증상) | kb.altinity.com/upgrade |
| clickhouse-backup(업그레이드 전 백업·restore) | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-backup |
| issue #1263·#457 — CHI 재생성/AKS PVC 리사이즈 실패 사례 | github.com/Altinity/clickhouse-operator/issues/1263 |
AWS EBS (Elastic Volumes·스냅샷 롤백)
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
| Modify an EBS volume using Elastic Volumes | docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/…/ebs-modify-volume.html |
| Requirements for EBS volume modifications(OPTIMIZING 상태·수정 제약) | docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/…/modify-volume-requirements.html |
| EBS Elastic Volumes 6시간 쿨다운 폐지·24h당 4회(2026-01-15) | dev.classmethod.jp/…/ebs-elastic-volumes-4-modifications |
EBS 스냅샷 생성·복원(create-volume --snapshot-id --volume-type gp3) | docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/…/ebs-restoring-volume.html |
ClickStack (배포·업그레이드)
| 설명 | 링크 |
|---|---|
ClickStack HyperDX-only 배포(외부 CH·MONGO_URI) | clickhouse.com/docs/…/clickstack/deployment/hyperdx-only |
시점 기준 2026-07.